Harassment in the Workplace Essays

Harassment in the Workplace Essays Harassment in the Workplace Paper Harassment in the Workplace Paper Journal of Academic and Business Ethics Sex, harassment and the workplace Cliff Fisher Purdue university Abstract Last year, high profile individuals, such as presidential candidate Herman Cain, former MIFF chief Dominique Strauss Kahn, and Weeklies founder Julian Ganges, Strauss-Kahn, made major media coverage, because of alleged issues relating to SEX. Now that I have your attention, this paper targets sexual harassment, therefore we will not be dealing with notion, Strauss-Khans alleged sexual abuse charge, nor Julian Gangues sexual assault charges. Khans The focus Is on sexual harassment, not to commit violations of Title VII of the CIVIC Call Rights Act of 1964 and Its amendments, but to help educate employers, In order to prevent these costly legal actions and payment of damages, or If they cannot be prevented, then to reduce the exposure Involving actions that might not have been preventable. The Civil Rights Act and its amendments do not require a general civility code on employers, nor does it require a utopian work environment, but it does require that employees not be sexually harassed, with one exception. Dealing with the based on ewe element requiring that the harassment that occurred because of the complainants ex gender, and did not occur to members of the opposite sex. Steiner V. Showboat Operating Co. , and Harris v. : Forklift Systems Inc. Both deal with this issue. This Issue is evident In Harris, when the president of Forklift Systems Is found to have made comments to female employees, often In front of others, regarding their appearance and their Intelligence; In one Instance, he called an employee a dumb ass woman, and in another situation, he suggest that a female employee and he go to the Holiday Inn to other goatee your raise. The president also asked only female employees to retrieve coins from his front pants pocket, and threw objects on the ground in front of the women and asked them to pick them up. He made no such requests of male employees. This paper also deals with quid pro quo tangible employment action issues and a hostile work environment, which includes constructive discharge. The theory of vicarious liability under agency relation legal standard will indicate why and how TTY agency-relation employers can be liable for actions of their employees, In addition, the allowably of employers for actions of customers for sexual harassment will be covered. Keywords: Sexual Harassment, Ministerial Exception, International Defense segments, INTRODUCTION have your attention, this paper targets sexual harassment; therefore, we will not be dealing with Strauss-Khans alleged sexual abuse charge, nor Julian Gangues sexual assault Khans charges. The focus is on sexual harassment, not to commit violations of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and its amendments, but to help educate employers, in order to prevent these costly legal actions and payment of damages, or if they cannot be reverted, then to reduce the exposure involving actions that might not have been duce EXECUTIVE ORDER 10925 President John F. Kennedy in 1961 signed Executive Order 10925 requiring government contractors to take affirmative action to ensure that employees are try treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color or national origin. On June 19, 1963, five months before his assassination President Kennedy submitted a bill to Congress, which was signed into law on July 2, 1964, and is known as Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. One of the more interesting elements is that neither the Executive Order nor the proposed Civil Rights bill included the word sex, and attention is not intended to be drawn to the allegations of extra marital activities of the former activities president, in regard to why he didnt include sex. The term sex was added as a last last-ditch effort by opponents of the statute to thwart the passage of the Act. Sex as a basis of discrimination was added as a floor amendment one day beef the before 2 House approved Title VI, without prior hearing or debate. The bill quickly passed as amended and we are left with little legislative history to guide us in interpreting the Acts prohibition against discrimination based on sex. 3 The word sex in Title VII is where the EEOC in 1980 created the l egal rational to form the Sex Discrimination Guidelines in dealing with sexual harassment in the workplace. Title VII says nothing about sexual harassment, but the Supreme Court in Grids indicated that EEOC guidelines should be shown great deference by the courts. 4 The guidelines define sexual harassment as follows: Unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature constitute sexual harassment when (1) submission to such harassment employment, (2) submission to or rejection of such conduct by an individual is used as the basis for employment decisions affecting such individual, or (3) such conduct has the such Ulnae v. Eastern Airlines, Inc. , 742 F. Ad 1081, 1084 (1984). Holloway v. Arthur Andersen co. , 566 F. Ad 659, 662 (1977). 3 Mentor savings sank v. Vinson, 477 US. 57, 64 (1986). 4 Grids v. Duke power co. , 401 U. S. 424,433 433-434 (1971). Sex, harassment and the workplace, Page 2 purpose or effect of unreasonably interfering with an individuals work performance or creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment. 5 What happens if the harasser subjects both men and women to the same sexual women harassment? This would be the equal opportunity harasser. Courts often conclude that because both men and women are victimized, the harassment does not disadvantage members of one sex relative to the other, therefore it is not discrimination based on sex. Discrimination In Lack v. Wall-Mart, the court stated that the supervisor was Just an indiscriminately Mart, vulgar and offensive supervisor, obnoxious to men and women alike. 6 The Civil Rights Act and its amendments do not require that employees be treated in ways hat are thought of as being appropriate. Employers can be demanding, tactless, crude, mean, and irritating. This is an unfortunate fact of life, in which the law does not require a general civility code on employers, nor does it require a utopian work environment, but it does require that employees not be sexually harassed, with a few exceptions. Dealing with the based on sex element requires that the harassment that occurred be due to the complainants gender, and did not occur to members of the members opposite sex. The Supreme Court case, Harris v. Forklift Systems Inc. , dealt with this issue, when the president of Forklift Systems is found to have made comments to female employees, often in front of others, regarding their appearance and their intelligence; in their one instance, he called an employee a dumb ass woman, and in another situation, he suggest that a female employee and he go to the Holiday Inn to negotiate your raise. The president also asked only female employees to retrieve coins from his front pants coins pocket, and only threw objects on the ground in front of the women and asked them men had been demeaned and equally abused this would not have been a violation of he Civil Rights Act, even if a hostile work environment was created. 8 Harassment must be discriminatory, not merely abusive or inappropriate to be protected under the Civil Rights Act. Bullying or abuse in the workplace that is not discriminatory under the Civil Rights Act, still might be actionable under civil claims minatory and/or criminal charges for assault, battery, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and other actions. There are two kinds of sexual harassment protected under the Civil Rights Act. They are quid pro quo and hostile work environment. Quid pro quo means something for meeting or something given or received for something else. Burlington Industries v. Alert, the Supreme Court held employers vicariously liable under agency law principles for the harassment by a supervisor who has authority over the sexually harassed employee. 9 Quid pro quo relates to tangible employment action regarding sexual harassment involving situations where a supervisor or individual with authority over the subordinate with has taken significant adverse tangible employment action, such as discharge, demotion, or an undesirable reassignment against a subordinate employee for the employees refusal 5 9 C. F. R. , Chi. XIV, part 1604. 11 (1980), 1629 C. F. R. Part 51604. [emailprotected]) (200 (2008). Lack v. Wall-Mart, 240 F. Ad 255, 262 (2001). 7 Harness v. Forklift system, 510 U. S. 17 (1993). 8 sterner v. Showboat operating co. , 25 F. Ad 1459 (1994). 9 Burlington Industries v. Alert, 524 U. S. 742, 758 (1998). 6 Sex, harassment and the workplace, Page 3 to submit to the supervisors or individual with authority demand for sexual favors. With There are no affirmative defenses available to the employer for tangible employment action cases. Pease v. Alfred Photo Industries, Inc. Indicated that the following five elements must exist for the plaintiff to successfully prove quid pr quo harassment: (1 . ) Plaintiff is a member of a protected class; Plaintiff was subjected to unwelcome sexual harassment in the form of sexual advances or requests for sexual favors from a supervisor or individual with authority (3. ) Harassment complained of was based on sex; Submission to the unwelcome advances was an e xpress or implied condition for receiving some form of Job benefits, or refusal to submit to sexual demands resulted in a tangible Job detriment; and (5. ) Employer knew or should have known of the harassment. 10 player The distinction between quid pro quo and a hostile work environment regarding sexual harassment is important for determining employer liability. Hostile work environment is broader than quid pro quo and does not require an adverse tangible and employment action against the employee. The harassment can be caused by a supervisor, fellow employee, or a third party, such as a customer, vendor or stalker, if the employer knew or should have known of the harassing conduct and failed to take appropriate harassing corrective action. How hostile must the workplace become before the law is violated? In the Merits U. S. Supreme Court case, the court held that for sexual harassment to be actionable, no tangible Job detriment was necessary, but that the hostile work detriment environment harassment must be unwelcome conduct and it must be sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of employees employment and create an abusive work environment. 11 Conduct that unreasonably interferes with an employees work performance reaches an actionable hostile work environment more quickly than mere offensive utterances, as does physically threatening conduct. 12 Whether the offensive activity has occurred in Louisiana, which is the 5th Federal District, or in Indiana, which is the 7th Federal District, the Courts have indicated that common sense and context must apply before courts and Juries in determining whether the conduct is severely hostile and abusive. 13 The employer can raise affirmative defenses, if there is no tangible loss from a hostile work environment involving sexual harassment. The defenses are as follows: (1 . ) the employer exercised reasonable care to prevent and promptly correct any sexually harassing behavior at its workplace and the plaintiff employee unreasonably failed to take 10 Pease v. Alfred Photo Industries, I Inc. , 667 F. Soup. 1188 (1987). Mentor v. Vinson, 477 US. 57 (1986). 12 13 Indent v. Freeman Decorating, Inc. , 164 F. Ad 258 (1999); Patty v. Family Health System, Inc. , 280 F. Ad 749 (2002). 11 Sex, harassment and the workplace, Page 4 advantage of corrective or preventive opportunities provided by the employer or to avoid harm otherwise. 14 The existence of an employer sexual harassment policy and notification employer procedures will aid the employer in proving an affirmative defense in hostile environment cases. Another defense is that the employer has less than 15 employees. The numerously acquirement goes to the merits of the case, and the employer must raise this defense at the beginning of the case, or the employer is deemed to have waived this defense to liability. 15 A third and creative defense for sexual harassment might be to use the ministerial exception rooted in the First Amendment. The ministerial exception allows religious employers to avoid liability for discrimination when making employment decisions concerning employees who qualify as ministers. 16 The ministerial exception defense was used in Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church and School v. Equal Employment or Opportunity Commission, which was a Supreme Court case decided January 1 1 , 2012, involved a lawsuit under the American with Disability Act. The Court recognized that the ministerial exception, grounded in the First Amendment, precluded application of employment discrimination legislation to claims concerning the employment relationship involving the ministerial exception. If the government were to interfere with the employment decision of the church, the First Amendment rights under the Establishment Clause could also be in violation. In the recently decided Supreme Court case, Hosanna Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church and School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Cheryl Perish, an employee and teacher, brought a claim against Hosanna Tabor. After being deign diagnosed with narcolepsy, Perish began the 2004 2005 school year on disability. When she tried to 2004-2005 return to work in January of 2005, the school reported that they had hired another teacher to fill her position. Refusing to resign from her position, Perish threatened legal action threatened insubordinate and disruptive behavior along with damage done to her working relationship. Perish, along with the EEOC, claimed that her termination was in violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act. Under the primary duties test, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Hosanna Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church and School stating that the court believes that the ministerial exception bars an employment discrimination suit brought discrimination on behalf of a minister, challenging her churchs decision to fire her. 4 While the ministerial exception relates to employment discrimination pertaining to religious institutions, the 1991 Amendment to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 provides a 1964 defense for employers working in foreign countries. The language of the 1991 Amendment may provide protection for an employer regarding sexually harassment allegations involving its employees. Under the 1991 Amendment: It shall not be unlawful under section 703 or 704 for an employer (or a corporation controlled by an employer), labor organization, employment agency, or Joint labor prearrangement committee controlling apprenticeship or other training or retraining (including on-the-Job training programs) to take any action otherwise prohibited by such inning section, with respect to an employee in a workplace in a foreign country if compliance with such section would cause such employer (or such corporation), such organization, such agency, or such committee to violate the law of the foreign country in which such workplace is located. The above section of the 1991 Amendment forces employers to comply with the laws of the country in which the workplace is located. When operating in progressive and satirized cultures, the clash between culture and legislation may be of little d concern. However, as our globalizes economy expands to include a multitude of nations and culture s, the statutory dynamic is changing. If a company operating in the United States begins a venture in Saudi Arabia, the United employer must abide by the laws of Saudi Arabia. If an American woman was to be assigned to a position at this workplace, she would be subject to Saudi law. While her male counterparts could obtain a license and drive, a female is unable to drive in Saudi license 24 see 17 Sex, harassment and the workplace, Page 6 Arabia. Under EEOC guidelines, this hypothetical company may have committed sexual discrimination under the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Since sexual harassment is based on sexual discrimination, there are all kinds of hypothetical in which a female employee might be sexually harassed because of the clothes she wears or doesnt The 1991 Amendment could provide a defense for t employer. The Continuing the hypothetical, Saudi Arabia adheres to a strict policy of sexual segregation. Under strict Islamic Shari law, women are not allowed to be in the dwelling or in a vehicle with an unrelated man. In one situation, a Saudi Arabian Oman who was raped 14 times consecutively by 7 men was sentenced to 200 lashes and 6 months in Jail, and the crime that the woman committed: entering the vehicle of an unrelated male. In a separate situation, a 75 year old woman was given 40 lashes and 4 months in prison for and 27 letting a young man deliver bread to her dwelling . Under the 1991 Amendment, the guidelines for sexual harassment must abide by the laws of the foreign nation. If a woman from employed by a United States global corporation were to be employed in Saudi Arabia, she would be forced to adhere to the confines of Saudi law. Although he law may constitute sexual harassment by our standards, no penalty may be levied against the employer under the Civil Rights Act. Aside from the international impact, the 1991 Amendment to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 provided codified clarification to the burden of proof required to prove an unlawful employment practice. Under 42 USC S IEEE 2000+2: (m) Impermissible consideration of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in religion, employment practices. Except as otherwise provided in this title [42 USC IEEE et see. ], an unlawful employment practice is established when the complaining party monstrance that race, color, religion, sex, or national origin was a motivating factor for national any employment practice, even though other factors also motivated the practice. Prior to the 1991 Amendment, it was at the courts discretion to decide whether or not an employment practice was altered through unlawful consideration of race, color, unlawful religion, sex, or national origin. While case law supports the principle that an unlawful consideration need not be the sole factor in altering an employment pra ctice, the burden of proof was unclear. Under the 1991 Name Amendment, the so called mixed-motive dive standard emerged.

How I Failed at Promoting my Novel with Amazon Advertising

How I Failed at Promoting my Novel with Amazon Advertising How I Failed at Promoting my Novel with Amazon Advertising At Reedsy, we like to stay on top of new marketing opportunities for authors. We covered Product Hunt Books when they launched. Advertising on Amazon (via Amazon Marketing Services) is not â€Å"new†, however, it is still, largely, an untapped resource for authors. In this guest post, indie author Eliot Peper explains how he tried it out, and what the results were.Marketing is a fraught subject among novelists. It’s often seen as outside of our purview, and some look down on those who aggressively market their own work, seeing promotion as a corruption of the creative process. Historically, many authors outsourced their marketing to publishers along with other responsibilities like printing and distribution. But technology-driven changes within the industry are forcing authors to become ever more involved with marketing their books, whether because they’re self-publishing or because their publisher demands it.But novels are not a straight-forward product to promo te. I read about 50 books a year, and I don’t think I ever bought a novel because of a banner ad. Book PR firms have an abysmal track record. Most growth-hacking strategies borrowed from the tech industry simply don’t apply well to fiction. At the end of the day, there’s a single factor that determines a book’s financial success: word-of-mouth. Most often, we buy a book because a trusted friend recommended it.Some indie authors, like Andy Weir and Hugh Howey, have achieved blockbuster success without investing much direct effort into marketing. Others, like Mark Dawson and Nick Stephenson, have engineered semi-automated systems that introduce their stories to new readers and hopefully inspire additional word-of-mouth. My own activities fall somewhere in between these two extremes. When I’m writing and editing a book, it’s a purely artistic process. But once a book is published and out in the world, I look at it through a commercial lens just like any other product.As with other products, I’ve run a variety of marketing experiments for my books to see what works and what doesn’t. I serialized the first book in a trilogy and uploaded it to Medium and Wattpad; ran giveaways on Amazon that were promoted by Bookbub, Booksends, etc.; pitched journalists for coverage; partnered with publications; ran organic and paid social media campaigns; gave talks; published op-eds and guest posts; came on podcasts; and even created real websites and social media profiles for fictional characters and organizations from the books.So when I discovered that Amazon had created a new service to help authors and publishers promote their books, I decided to give it a shot.How Advertising works on AmazonAmazon Marketing Services (AMS) allows you to run campaigns that deliver ads to customers based either on their interests or on specific products they’re viewing. For example, you might target folks that love science fiction o r that are checking out the latest Stephen King bestseller. Amazon then displays the ads on specific product pages or on Kindle home screens.Depending on your settings, there are three main places where your ads may show up:In search results for a particular genre or interestEliot Peper (@eliotpeper) is a novelist and strategist based in Oakland, CA. He writes fast-paced, deeply-researched stories with diverse casts that explore the intersection of technology and society. His fourth novel, Cumulus, is a dark, gritty, standalone science fiction story set in a near-future Bay Area ravaged by economic inequality and persistent surveillance.

Customer Service Operations of University Essay

Customer Service Operations of University - Essay Example A university’s customer care viewing from the student perspective segregates it to a B2C service. As a student we expect and we need to know whether the facilities offered by an educational organisation are average or excellent. One can not judge and have some idea about the services through public events and television. Some happenings could be out of the control. Customer care of the University needs to develop the expectations of the student community and carefully manage their perceptions as well. Service cues cannot be same as can be for any other industry sector, for example hotel and restaurant experience (Johnston & Clark 2008). Therefore, expectations need to be defined to know the quality factors a university needs to set up. The components of expectations need to be comprehended to functionalise customer expectations so that quality parameters could be structured and offered in required levels of quality. It would also help in creating such tools that map customer satisfaction (Johnston & Clark 2008). Service quality factors, according to Johnston & Clark (2008) can vary for different organisations but at least 18 quality factors have been zeroed-in on the basis of wider application of the quality parameters. These factors, which are identifications of prior expectations, include: Access. Service offering address should be reachable easily and the road leading to the destination should be free from the roadblocks. Aesthetics. Parts of the service offering should be admissible and soothing to the customer; it includes the look of the building, its surrounding area and services offerings including offered products and staff. Willingness to help. It should be offered by the contact people to the customer and indicate interest of the service provider in attending to customer needs. Availability. Here it not only implies availability of service facilities, staff and products to the customer but the reasonable ratio of staff to the needy customers. Products availability should also be sufficient in quantity and variance to be shown to the customer. Care. The customer expects fair and sympathetic treatment, and extended patience of the staff to make the customer feel at ease emotionally. Cleanl iness. The facilities the customer approaches need to be well managed from environment perspective. All physical parts of the service offering including goods and personnel come in the scope of cleanliness. Comfort. It comes with the arrangements made by the facility for the comfortable stay of the customer while visiting the facility. Dedication. The attending personnel’s perceived dedication in attending to the customers and doing their job proudly and with apparent activeness and completely. Communication. The servicing staff need to communicate with the customers in such a way that help the customers comprehend what is conveyed. Communication needs to be correct, clear, concise including both written and spoken language used in providing the required knowledge and at the same time listening thoughtfully to what the customer wants to convey. Competence. It is related to the expertise required in accomplishing the service as per customer needs. It requires following the rig ht processes, exact delivery as per customer inputs, extent of service or product information shown by the contact personnel, offering suggestions and ability of the staff in doing the job nicely. Courtesy. It is related to the behaviour of the concerned staff in attending to the customer issues, which should not be interfering sort of. Flexibility. Readiness on the part of the customer service to mould the service as per customer needs. Friendliness. Attitude of the customer service representative needs to be welcoming and body language of the concerned

Contingency plan for sailing yachts charter Essay - 1

Contingency plan for sailing yachts charter - Essay Example In preparing in advance, we can also build a safety network, plans of action & response, and gather the equipment required to implement our communication needs for rescue. In risk management, we need to prepare for all contingencies, and as a company we have to insure our staff, customers, and organization against any accidents that may occur during operations and liabilities that may arise from operations. For the purpose of this document, â€Å"Contingency† refers to our preparation in advance for safety responses that may arise in course of operations, â€Å"Plan† means the actions we will organize before, during, and after to address the safety problems, and â€Å"Emergency Situation† is any which puts our customers, staff, or others in the water in danger of physical safety, health, or injury. â€Å"Rescue operations† refer to any situation where company staff or third party organizations are required to travel to a site to assist during a safety problem. â€Å"Communications† refers to not only the content but also the means in which we will transmit messages between offices, people, and other groups during an emergency situation. For purposes of contingency, we recognize responsibilities to emergencies and safety problems arising from: air, water, fire, mechanical problems, weather, interpersonal, health, geographical, and geopolitical risks primarily to operations. In each instance of risk, we plan to have prior tactics and responses prepared in advance to address each contingency with the tools, personnel, and social assistance to manage. Because of the nature of maritime events, and the various contingencies that require multiple forms of backup communication, we have decided to develop a three-tiered communication network for emergency management that provides for all contingencies, even when one device may be broken, out of communication, or in possession by a member injured in an accident. For this we identify three types

Child Soldiering In Uganda And Sierra Leone

Child Soldiering In Uganda And Sierra Leone A child soldier is an individual categorized as a youth that is recruited by government military and rebel forces to fight, kill, loot, destroy property, lay mines, act as messengers and sometimes used as a sexual slave (Kimmel and Roby, 2007). Children lose their sense of identity, otherwise called lost children, and are found wielding small weapons and taking the lives of others (Druba, 2002). Child Soldiering is evident in European, African, Asian and South American countries, although the focus of this essay will be on child soldiers in Uganda and Sierra Leone, where the issue has been prevalent for many years. These countries have been in a state of war for a prolonged period of time. This causes Uganda and Sierra Leone to be affected in numerous ways such as heavy drains on resources like land, labour and capital. In a war-torn country, these problems are likely to allow for a lowered respect of peoples human worth in respect to military service, making children an easy prey (H oiskar, 2001). According to The United Nations Childrens Fund (commonly known as UNICEF), there is an estimated 300, 000 youth that are involved in the practice of child soldiering today. Due to the harsh conditions that these children are faced with and the effects that they have on these children, a gruelling reality is unfolded. Child soldiering has been coined one of the worst forms of child abuse and labour (Kimmel and Roby, 2007). Many would believe that children are forcibly recruited into rebel forces. They would be correct, although many also join voluntarily. Some reasons for voluntary entry of youth into military roles are for fear of their lives, to protect their families, and for opportunities like access to food and clothing for those who are impoverished. Sadly many of these children that join out of their own free will, never see their families again and are typically estranged from their family members purposely by rebel forces in order to gain control and authority over the youths . It benefits the rebel groups if the children gain a sense of inclusion and belonging within the military setting to ensure they will not seek better opportunities outside of their services and also try to re-establish ties with their families. Doing such things would likely stop these children from re-entering the forces voluntarily (Hoiskar, 2001). To consider a circumstance in which children were forcibly recruited into the military in Uganda is the Lords Resistance Army. War has devastated Northern Uganda since 1986 (Sverker 2006). There is a popular rebel group called the LRA or Lords Resistance Army. They overthrew the Ugandan government and were known for abducting children. The forcible recruitment of child soldiers is common not only to the LRA but other rebel groups in the third world because child labour is widely known to be cheap and therefore poses many benefits. Many of the youth abducted by this group were taken during night raids on rural homes, counting anywhere from 60, 000 80, 000 children. These abductions were known to last from one day to ten years, averaging eight months approximately. The children were given only a few months of training and not long after this were they given guns (Annan and Blattman, 2010). The Lords Resistance Army also affected Sierra Leone. Since the beginning of the civil war in 1991, one million children have been displaced and some of these children on more than one occasion. Fifteen to twenty thousand have become members of this armed group, most of them being under the age of ten years old. Sierra Leone is greatly concerned with the reintegration of these children abducted by the LRA (MacMullin and Loughry, 2004). Although child soldiering is not a recent phenomenon it has substantially increased since the end of the Cold War. Not only are numbers increasing but there is also great difficulty in implementing international legal standards due to reasons such as failed states, internal conflicts, organized crime, minorities and vulnerable groups and mobile or displaced populations. When looking at modern societies that underwent transformations with the establishment of the minimum age for service in national armed forces, populations began to be controlled by mandatory public schooling and general conscription, examples being the scout movement and physical education. In attempts to better Uganda and Sierra Leones standing on the issue of child soldiering, one of the main problems seems to be declining educational background and poor reintegration of the child soldiers (Vautravers, 2008). Problems such as educational decline and poor reintegration of these war-torn children into these African societies have a devastation impact on the economy. With little attention to integration programs in the third world and great difficulty with implementing international policies on child labour such as military service, earnings and occupational opportunities for these children drop. These factors affect labour market success greatly (Annan and Blattman, 2010). Child soldiering in the third world is a topic of importance to me. In high school I took part in a fundraising charity for which I and many other students raised enough money to restore seven child soldiers in Africa. This event opened my eyes to the issue of child soldiering, particularly in Uganda and Sierra Leone, where statistics show it is most prevalent. In this essay I will be arguing that Uganda and Sierra Leones tendency to replace adult soldiers with youths is due to as well as contributing to their destitute e conomy. Theoretical Backing: Taking a look at Modernization theory, child soldiering is deemed backward or immoral in comparison to Westernized ideals. The history of child labour in Western societies is related to the history of how children were partners in a family economy. For example, in the eighteenth century, industrialization led to the employment of very small children. Transitioning into the nineteenth century, children played an important role in key industries like coal mining and textiles. The use of children as labourers was normal in these time periods for it was a necessity for the family income. Every member of a family was needed to contribute to the familys wealth in order to live comfortable and in many circumstances just scrape by. As the end of the nineteenth century was nearing, the essential role of childrens labour began to decline (Schrumpf, 2008). The shift of social roles and responsibilities brought about by war is greatly linked to the breakdown of societal structures and long-stand ing morals. Childrens involvement in war defies the established and generally accepted norms and values in regard to those responsibilities of children and adults (Honwana, 2006). When it comes to combating the prevalence of child soldiers in third world countries, it is important to consider the definitions of both a soldier and a child. Any common dictionary will define a soldier as a person who serves in an army or is engaged in any military service for a particular cause. A child on the other hand is an individual between birth and full growth, a son or a daughter with words such as foolish, petty and immature being tacked to it to portray the Westernized concept of behaviour akin to children (Collins, 2008). Therefore placing children in a position of authority over adults during war is contradictory of Westernized conceptualizations of what children are typically supposed to represent in a society. Likewise, the prevalence of child soldiers in Uganda and Sierra Leone develops a sense of patriarchy (Murphy, 2003). Modernization theory suggests that the third world should adopt the first worlds strategies for economic and societal success. This can be seen as patriarchy. In other words, this demonstrates a father-child type of relationship between the first and third world in which the first world attempts to better the third world through coercion and assimilation while not attempting to necessarily cater to cultural differences and perspectives. This is exactly what the military did to child soldiers when not considering the deleterious effects on the children which caused their failure to be reintegrated into society in turn causing economic hardship for both nations. As previously stated, Modernization theory is based solely on Eurocentric ideas of progress. This theorys goal was to create economically advanced societies with populations living according to appropriate moral codes. Firstly, child soldering can be seen as an act against Western morality. Secondly, economic modernity is seen a positive achievement. Modernization theory attempted to create a strong image of the third world to developed regions of the world and attract positive foreign investment which in turn would contribute to the poverty-stricken economies. The notion of Uganda and Sierra Leone as being incapable war-torn societies comprised of lost children unable to be reintegrated may not be as desirable for foreign investors. Research and Analysis: Child soldiering is directly related to a countrys current economical stance. The effect of war on Uganda and Sierra Leone is devastating, as the nations economy declines as capital and land are destroyed and people displaced. A high level of economic development is an important factor in establishing domestic peace. To prove this, of the ten states involved in armed conflicts from 1994-1998, no use of child combatants was evident. These places being: Cameroon, Comoros, Egypt, Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho, Mali, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria and Senegal. One of the dominant shared characteristic of these ten places is that all of them had a medium rate of economic development (Hoiskar, 2001). Child soldiering has a very large impact on the economy as well as education. Injuries to human capitol could hinder a nations productivity and growth for decades (Annan and Blattman, 2010). Youths earnings noticeably drop by a third, their skilled employment halves, and schooling drops by a year. These cause consequences for lifetime labour market performance. A survey was conducted in Northern Uganda where an unpopular rebel group has forcibly recruited youth tens of thousands for twenty years. This abduction is what creates the impact on education and earnings. It is the educational deficit that largely impedes labour market success in Uganda. A widely known example is the Lords Resistance Army which was known for abducting children because child labour is widely known to be cheap and therefore benefitting of the present, already poor economy. Many of the youths were taken during night raids on rural homes, counting anywhere from 60, 000 to 80, 000 children. Abductions ranged from one day to ten years, averaging eight months approximately. Only a few mont hs after training, the children received guns. Now, no more than one thousand youth are thought to remain with the LRA at this time, the remainder being those that had perished during combat or from unsatisfactory living conditions (Annan and Blattman, 2010). This causes the interruption of education. These youth often complain of difficulty when re-entering into the school system, which creates a wide gap in education limiting their options in the labour market. Labour market performance suffers in the quality of work of child soldiers, not the quantity. This abduction appears to interrupt the ability to accumulate skills and capital and thus stalls productive employment (Annan and Blattman, 2010). Additionally, abductees are twice as likely to be illiterate than non-abductees (Annan and Blattman, 2010). Child soldiers are a known threat to national security and the stability of post-war political order, paying close attention to the lack of educated populations and increasing aggression among the nations members. This aggression is known as the gun mentality which is an adopted attitude from the military. War becomes a source of personal enrichment and empowerment. Keep in mind that many of these children are born into war and accept that war is a normal way of life. These children become motivated by patriotism and ethnic power domination which is much like brainwashing. It is unfortunate that not much commitment and sustained effort is put into reintegration of these suffering children. In Uganda and Sierra Leone, child soldiers are treated as a lost generation (Francis, 2007). Despite many opinions about child soldiers being useless, there is evidence in former-war torn and post-conflict societies that suggests ex-child soldiers can in fact be reintegrated into normal society. Th e challenges of protecting these children are important to address. Although it is difficult for international laws to be instilled in the third world due to contrasting ideals and varying definitions of what child soldiers and child labour are, what is known as paper protection is now helping to make international laws protecting children in conflict zones enforceable since 2006. It is important to remember that this is only an attempt and not a successful endeavour (Francis, 2007). Conclusion: Tasks performed by child soldiers are the new face of the traditional child labour practices across Africa, armed conflict being just an extension of these traditional practices (Francis, 2007). Although Child Soldiering is commonly addressed as an issue harmful to the children partaking in the military actions alone, this essay thoroughly demonstrated that it can also effect a countrys entire economy international investment interests. The direct and indirect effects of child soldiering on Uganda and Sierra Leones economy is evident and explored through a Modernist perspective using Rostows Modernization theory as critical analytical support. Child soldiering makes difficult the reintegration of children into society and also disadvantages children in respect to their education. Education in the army for these children is not necessary. Not only is education discouraged but these children are taken from their families and homes at a pivotal point in their adolescent school years. Children leaving the military forces in Africa face higher risk for psychological problems and alienation. They are rarely reintroduced with their family members, often because they are forced to kill them prior to entering the army. This generation of child soldiers is what the countries depend on for economic growth. If these children are already struggling with reintegration as well as obtaining their education, the countrys economical prospects seem bleak. It is for these reasons that this paper has addressed both how and why child soldiering in Uganda and Sierra Leone has lead to these nations economical and political downfalls. Reference Page Annan, Jeannie and Blattman, Christopher. (2010). The Consequences of Child Soldiering. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 92(2) Retrieved November 8, 2010, from http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162 Blattman, Christopher. (2007). Causes of Child Soldiering: Theory and Evidence From Northern Uganda. Annual Convention of International Studies, Retrieved November 8, 2010, from http://www.prio.no/upload/3598/Blattman-ISA-2007 Collins Canadian English Dictionary. (2008). Child and Soldier. Harper Collins Canada. Druba, Volker. (2002). The Problem of Child Soldiering. International Review of Education, 48(3) Retrieved November 8, 2010, from http://www.springerlink.com/content Finnstrom, Sverker. (2006). Wars of the Past and War in the Present: The Lords Resistance Movement/Army in Uganda. The Journal of the International African Institute, Retrieved February 20, 2011, from   http://resolver.scholarsportal.info.proxy.queensu.ca/resolve/17500184/v76i0002/ 200_wotpawtlrmiu Francis, David J. (2007). Paper Protection mechanisms: Child Soldiers and the International Protection of Children in Africas Conflict Zones. Journal of Modern African Studies, 45(2) Retrieved February 20, 2011 from http://resolver.scholarsportal.info.proxy.queensu.ca/resolve/0022278x/v45i0002/2 07_pmcsatociacz Hoiskar. (2001). Underage and Under Fire: an Enquiry into the Use of Child Soldiers. Childhood, 8(3) Retrieved November 10, 2010, from http://journals2.scholarsportal.info.proxy.queensu.ca/details-sfx.xqy?uri=/ Honwana, Alcinda. (2006). Child Soldiers in Africa. University of Pennsylvania Press. Retrieved November 8, 2010, from http://books.google.ca Kimmel, Carrie and Roby, Jini. (2007). Institutionalized Child Abuse: the Use of Child Soldiers. International Social Work, 50(6) Retrieved November 9, 2010, from http://journals2.scholarsportal.info.proxy.queensu.ca/details- Loughry, Maryanne and MacMullin, Colin. (2004). Investigating Psychosocial Adjustment of Former Child Soldiers in Sierra Leone and Uganda. Journal Of Refugee Studies, Retrieved February 10, 2011, from http://journals1.scholarsportal.info/tmp/3974326444682001496.pdf Murphy, William P. (2003). Military Patrimonialism and Child Soldier Clientalism in the Liberian and Sierra Leonean Civil Wars. African Studies Review, 46(2) Retrieved February 10, 2011, from http://www.jstor.org.proxy.queensu.ca/sici Schrumpf, Ellen. (2008). Child Labour in the West. Encyclopedia of Children in History and Society, Retrieved November 10, 2010 from http://www.faqs.org/childhood/Bo-Ch/Child-Labor-in-the-West.html Vautravers, Alexandre J. (2008). Why Child Soldiers are Such a Complex Issue. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 27(4) Retrieved February 10, 2011, from http://journals2.scholarsportal.info.proxy.queensu.ca/details- sfx.xqy?uri=/10204067/v27i0004/96_wcsasaci.xml

Good Hair

There are three major beliefs that hinder Alice Andrews’s life progression; however one belief hinders it the most in the novel and this is shown in three ways. Alice is young, Black, bourgeois, and in search of everything, as her life unfolds her beliefs and past are challenged. First, Alice maintains the belief that it is important to look the part and not be labeled as low class or impoverished. This is relevant because she becomes a prisoner in a world of pretense. Second, Alice believes she should she should hid the truth about where she comes from and lives her life deeply ashamed of her blue collar New Jersey roots. This is relevant because it causes her to lose herself identity. Third, Alice struggles to fit in the upper echelon class she surrounded herself by and Alice Andrews’s belief that it is necessary to look the part and not be labeled as low class hinders her life progression because she becomes a prisoner in a world of pretense. Based on what she believes about social status, it appears that â€Å"good hair† is a standard of beauty and status amongst the upper echelons of the African American social order in Manhattan. There was pressure from society to promote this standard of beauty in the novel. More specifically, social status and beauty standards are doubtless dependent to a certain extent on physical appearance. As Alice struggled to look the part in order to be accepted, it became clear that the standards of beauty had a significant burden on her notion. In society, African Americans continue to struggle with the concept of good hair. I believe that the lack of proper cultural images and the negative social scripts caused by mainstream media play a significant role in the perception of beauty. Another reason why Alice Andrews’ struggle to maintain an image caused her life progression to be hindered is because she became a prisoner in a world of pretense. Since her entire foundation was built on the claim that

What Is The Difference Between Morality And Ethics

What Is the Difference Between Morality and Ethics? By Gordon E Newman | Submitted On April 12, 2011 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Gordon E Newman What is the question? Both ethics and morality assist is in answering the question: What should I do? We are faced with this question all the time. Too often we make important decisions without giving enough time or process to reaching the best answer. Why not? Often we simply don t know how to make such decisions. Sometimes we ignore them and hope they will go away, sometimes we follow the advice of others, sometimes we just guess. If we wish to be responsible for our own future and our own decisions we should spend a little time thinking and trying to make a good decision, a better decision than simply choosing the easiest answer. So, ethics and morality assist us in answering the question: What should I do? Do they provide the same answer? No. Which is the better approach and why? What is the difference between morality and ethics? Many of us confuse ethics and morality, many people use them interchangeably. But they are very, very different, related but different. The difference is crucial when makingShow MoreRelatedMorals and Ethics1023 Words   |  5 Pagesand Ethics in Society Kalob Lisk Rasmussen College Author Note This paper is being submitted on July 14, 2016, for Thomas Santangelo’s B406 Business Law and Ethical Behavior course. 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