Child Soldiering In Uganda And Sierra Leone

Child Soldiering In Uganda And Sierra Leone A child soldier is an individual categorized as a youth that is recruited by government military and rebel forces to fight, kill, loot, destroy property, lay mines, act as messengers and sometimes used as a sexual slave (Kimmel and Roby, 2007). Children lose their sense of identity, otherwise called lost children, and are found wielding small weapons and taking the lives of others (Druba, 2002). Child Soldiering is evident in European, African, Asian and South American countries, although the focus of this essay will be on child soldiers in Uganda and Sierra Leone, where the issue has been prevalent for many years. These countries have been in a state of war for a prolonged period of time. This causes Uganda and Sierra Leone to be affected in numerous ways such as heavy drains on resources like land, labour and capital. In a war-torn country, these problems are likely to allow for a lowered respect of peoples human worth in respect to military service, making children an easy prey (H oiskar, 2001). According to The United Nations Childrens Fund (commonly known as UNICEF), there is an estimated 300, 000 youth that are involved in the practice of child soldiering today. Due to the harsh conditions that these children are faced with and the effects that they have on these children, a gruelling reality is unfolded. Child soldiering has been coined one of the worst forms of child abuse and labour (Kimmel and Roby, 2007). Many would believe that children are forcibly recruited into rebel forces. They would be correct, although many also join voluntarily. Some reasons for voluntary entry of youth into military roles are for fear of their lives, to protect their families, and for opportunities like access to food and clothing for those who are impoverished. Sadly many of these children that join out of their own free will, never see their families again and are typically estranged from their family members purposely by rebel forces in order to gain control and authority over the youths . It benefits the rebel groups if the children gain a sense of inclusion and belonging within the military setting to ensure they will not seek better opportunities outside of their services and also try to re-establish ties with their families. Doing such things would likely stop these children from re-entering the forces voluntarily (Hoiskar, 2001). To consider a circumstance in which children were forcibly recruited into the military in Uganda is the Lords Resistance Army. War has devastated Northern Uganda since 1986 (Sverker 2006). There is a popular rebel group called the LRA or Lords Resistance Army. They overthrew the Ugandan government and were known for abducting children. The forcible recruitment of child soldiers is common not only to the LRA but other rebel groups in the third world because child labour is widely known to be cheap and therefore poses many benefits. Many of the youth abducted by this group were taken during night raids on rural homes, counting anywhere from 60, 000 80, 000 children. These abductions were known to last from one day to ten years, averaging eight months approximately. The children were given only a few months of training and not long after this were they given guns (Annan and Blattman, 2010). The Lords Resistance Army also affected Sierra Leone. Since the beginning of the civil war in 1991, one million children have been displaced and some of these children on more than one occasion. Fifteen to twenty thousand have become members of this armed group, most of them being under the age of ten years old. Sierra Leone is greatly concerned with the reintegration of these children abducted by the LRA (MacMullin and Loughry, 2004). Although child soldiering is not a recent phenomenon it has substantially increased since the end of the Cold War. Not only are numbers increasing but there is also great difficulty in implementing international legal standards due to reasons such as failed states, internal conflicts, organized crime, minorities and vulnerable groups and mobile or displaced populations. When looking at modern societies that underwent transformations with the establishment of the minimum age for service in national armed forces, populations began to be controlled by mandatory public schooling and general conscription, examples being the scout movement and physical education. In attempts to better Uganda and Sierra Leones standing on the issue of child soldiering, one of the main problems seems to be declining educational background and poor reintegration of the child soldiers (Vautravers, 2008). Problems such as educational decline and poor reintegration of these war-torn children into these African societies have a devastation impact on the economy. With little attention to integration programs in the third world and great difficulty with implementing international policies on child labour such as military service, earnings and occupational opportunities for these children drop. These factors affect labour market success greatly (Annan and Blattman, 2010). Child soldiering in the third world is a topic of importance to me. In high school I took part in a fundraising charity for which I and many other students raised enough money to restore seven child soldiers in Africa. This event opened my eyes to the issue of child soldiering, particularly in Uganda and Sierra Leone, where statistics show it is most prevalent. In this essay I will be arguing that Uganda and Sierra Leones tendency to replace adult soldiers with youths is due to as well as contributing to their destitute e conomy. Theoretical Backing: Taking a look at Modernization theory, child soldiering is deemed backward or immoral in comparison to Westernized ideals. The history of child labour in Western societies is related to the history of how children were partners in a family economy. For example, in the eighteenth century, industrialization led to the employment of very small children. Transitioning into the nineteenth century, children played an important role in key industries like coal mining and textiles. The use of children as labourers was normal in these time periods for it was a necessity for the family income. Every member of a family was needed to contribute to the familys wealth in order to live comfortable and in many circumstances just scrape by. As the end of the nineteenth century was nearing, the essential role of childrens labour began to decline (Schrumpf, 2008). The shift of social roles and responsibilities brought about by war is greatly linked to the breakdown of societal structures and long-stand ing morals. Childrens involvement in war defies the established and generally accepted norms and values in regard to those responsibilities of children and adults (Honwana, 2006). When it comes to combating the prevalence of child soldiers in third world countries, it is important to consider the definitions of both a soldier and a child. Any common dictionary will define a soldier as a person who serves in an army or is engaged in any military service for a particular cause. A child on the other hand is an individual between birth and full growth, a son or a daughter with words such as foolish, petty and immature being tacked to it to portray the Westernized concept of behaviour akin to children (Collins, 2008). Therefore placing children in a position of authority over adults during war is contradictory of Westernized conceptualizations of what children are typically supposed to represent in a society. Likewise, the prevalence of child soldiers in Uganda and Sierra Leone develops a sense of patriarchy (Murphy, 2003). Modernization theory suggests that the third world should adopt the first worlds strategies for economic and societal success. This can be seen as patriarchy. In other words, this demonstrates a father-child type of relationship between the first and third world in which the first world attempts to better the third world through coercion and assimilation while not attempting to necessarily cater to cultural differences and perspectives. This is exactly what the military did to child soldiers when not considering the deleterious effects on the children which caused their failure to be reintegrated into society in turn causing economic hardship for both nations. As previously stated, Modernization theory is based solely on Eurocentric ideas of progress. This theorys goal was to create economically advanced societies with populations living according to appropriate moral codes. Firstly, child soldering can be seen as an act against Western morality. Secondly, economic modernity is seen a positive achievement. Modernization theory attempted to create a strong image of the third world to developed regions of the world and attract positive foreign investment which in turn would contribute to the poverty-stricken economies. The notion of Uganda and Sierra Leone as being incapable war-torn societies comprised of lost children unable to be reintegrated may not be as desirable for foreign investors. Research and Analysis: Child soldiering is directly related to a countrys current economical stance. The effect of war on Uganda and Sierra Leone is devastating, as the nations economy declines as capital and land are destroyed and people displaced. A high level of economic development is an important factor in establishing domestic peace. To prove this, of the ten states involved in armed conflicts from 1994-1998, no use of child combatants was evident. These places being: Cameroon, Comoros, Egypt, Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho, Mali, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria and Senegal. One of the dominant shared characteristic of these ten places is that all of them had a medium rate of economic development (Hoiskar, 2001). Child soldiering has a very large impact on the economy as well as education. Injuries to human capitol could hinder a nations productivity and growth for decades (Annan and Blattman, 2010). Youths earnings noticeably drop by a third, their skilled employment halves, and schooling drops by a year. These cause consequences for lifetime labour market performance. A survey was conducted in Northern Uganda where an unpopular rebel group has forcibly recruited youth tens of thousands for twenty years. This abduction is what creates the impact on education and earnings. It is the educational deficit that largely impedes labour market success in Uganda. A widely known example is the Lords Resistance Army which was known for abducting children because child labour is widely known to be cheap and therefore benefitting of the present, already poor economy. Many of the youths were taken during night raids on rural homes, counting anywhere from 60, 000 to 80, 000 children. Abductions ranged from one day to ten years, averaging eight months approximately. Only a few mont hs after training, the children received guns. Now, no more than one thousand youth are thought to remain with the LRA at this time, the remainder being those that had perished during combat or from unsatisfactory living conditions (Annan and Blattman, 2010). This causes the interruption of education. These youth often complain of difficulty when re-entering into the school system, which creates a wide gap in education limiting their options in the labour market. Labour market performance suffers in the quality of work of child soldiers, not the quantity. This abduction appears to interrupt the ability to accumulate skills and capital and thus stalls productive employment (Annan and Blattman, 2010). Additionally, abductees are twice as likely to be illiterate than non-abductees (Annan and Blattman, 2010). Child soldiers are a known threat to national security and the stability of post-war political order, paying close attention to the lack of educated populations and increasing aggression among the nations members. This aggression is known as the gun mentality which is an adopted attitude from the military. War becomes a source of personal enrichment and empowerment. Keep in mind that many of these children are born into war and accept that war is a normal way of life. These children become motivated by patriotism and ethnic power domination which is much like brainwashing. It is unfortunate that not much commitment and sustained effort is put into reintegration of these suffering children. In Uganda and Sierra Leone, child soldiers are treated as a lost generation (Francis, 2007). Despite many opinions about child soldiers being useless, there is evidence in former-war torn and post-conflict societies that suggests ex-child soldiers can in fact be reintegrated into normal society. Th e challenges of protecting these children are important to address. Although it is difficult for international laws to be instilled in the third world due to contrasting ideals and varying definitions of what child soldiers and child labour are, what is known as paper protection is now helping to make international laws protecting children in conflict zones enforceable since 2006. It is important to remember that this is only an attempt and not a successful endeavour (Francis, 2007). Conclusion: Tasks performed by child soldiers are the new face of the traditional child labour practices across Africa, armed conflict being just an extension of these traditional practices (Francis, 2007). Although Child Soldiering is commonly addressed as an issue harmful to the children partaking in the military actions alone, this essay thoroughly demonstrated that it can also effect a countrys entire economy international investment interests. The direct and indirect effects of child soldiering on Uganda and Sierra Leones economy is evident and explored through a Modernist perspective using Rostows Modernization theory as critical analytical support. Child soldiering makes difficult the reintegration of children into society and also disadvantages children in respect to their education. Education in the army for these children is not necessary. Not only is education discouraged but these children are taken from their families and homes at a pivotal point in their adolescent school years. Children leaving the military forces in Africa face higher risk for psychological problems and alienation. They are rarely reintroduced with their family members, often because they are forced to kill them prior to entering the army. This generation of child soldiers is what the countries depend on for economic growth. If these children are already struggling with reintegration as well as obtaining their education, the countrys economical prospects seem bleak. It is for these reasons that this paper has addressed both how and why child soldiering in Uganda and Sierra Leone has lead to these nations economical and political downfalls. Reference Page Annan, Jeannie and Blattman, Christopher. (2010). The Consequences of Child Soldiering. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 92(2) Retrieved November 8, 2010, from http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162 Blattman, Christopher. (2007). Causes of Child Soldiering: Theory and Evidence From Northern Uganda. Annual Convention of International Studies, Retrieved November 8, 2010, from http://www.prio.no/upload/3598/Blattman-ISA-2007 Collins Canadian English Dictionary. (2008). Child and Soldier. Harper Collins Canada. Druba, Volker. (2002). The Problem of Child Soldiering. International Review of Education, 48(3) Retrieved November 8, 2010, from http://www.springerlink.com/content Finnstrom, Sverker. (2006). Wars of the Past and War in the Present: The Lords Resistance Movement/Army in Uganda. The Journal of the International African Institute, Retrieved February 20, 2011, from   http://resolver.scholarsportal.info.proxy.queensu.ca/resolve/17500184/v76i0002/ 200_wotpawtlrmiu Francis, David J. (2007). Paper Protection mechanisms: Child Soldiers and the International Protection of Children in Africas Conflict Zones. Journal of Modern African Studies, 45(2) Retrieved February 20, 2011 from http://resolver.scholarsportal.info.proxy.queensu.ca/resolve/0022278x/v45i0002/2 07_pmcsatociacz Hoiskar. (2001). Underage and Under Fire: an Enquiry into the Use of Child Soldiers. Childhood, 8(3) Retrieved November 10, 2010, from http://journals2.scholarsportal.info.proxy.queensu.ca/details-sfx.xqy?uri=/ Honwana, Alcinda. (2006). Child Soldiers in Africa. University of Pennsylvania Press. Retrieved November 8, 2010, from http://books.google.ca Kimmel, Carrie and Roby, Jini. (2007). Institutionalized Child Abuse: the Use of Child Soldiers. International Social Work, 50(6) Retrieved November 9, 2010, from http://journals2.scholarsportal.info.proxy.queensu.ca/details- Loughry, Maryanne and MacMullin, Colin. (2004). Investigating Psychosocial Adjustment of Former Child Soldiers in Sierra Leone and Uganda. Journal Of Refugee Studies, Retrieved February 10, 2011, from http://journals1.scholarsportal.info/tmp/3974326444682001496.pdf Murphy, William P. (2003). Military Patrimonialism and Child Soldier Clientalism in the Liberian and Sierra Leonean Civil Wars. African Studies Review, 46(2) Retrieved February 10, 2011, from http://www.jstor.org.proxy.queensu.ca/sici Schrumpf, Ellen. (2008). Child Labour in the West. Encyclopedia of Children in History and Society, Retrieved November 10, 2010 from http://www.faqs.org/childhood/Bo-Ch/Child-Labor-in-the-West.html Vautravers, Alexandre J. (2008). Why Child Soldiers are Such a Complex Issue. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 27(4) Retrieved February 10, 2011, from http://journals2.scholarsportal.info.proxy.queensu.ca/details- sfx.xqy?uri=/10204067/v27i0004/96_wcsasaci.xml

Good Hair

There are three major beliefs that hinder Alice Andrews’s life progression; however one belief hinders it the most in the novel and this is shown in three ways. Alice is young, Black, bourgeois, and in search of everything, as her life unfolds her beliefs and past are challenged. First, Alice maintains the belief that it is important to look the part and not be labeled as low class or impoverished. This is relevant because she becomes a prisoner in a world of pretense. Second, Alice believes she should she should hid the truth about where she comes from and lives her life deeply ashamed of her blue collar New Jersey roots. This is relevant because it causes her to lose herself identity. Third, Alice struggles to fit in the upper echelon class she surrounded herself by and Alice Andrews’s belief that it is necessary to look the part and not be labeled as low class hinders her life progression because she becomes a prisoner in a world of pretense. Based on what she believes about social status, it appears that â€Å"good hair† is a standard of beauty and status amongst the upper echelons of the African American social order in Manhattan. There was pressure from society to promote this standard of beauty in the novel. More specifically, social status and beauty standards are doubtless dependent to a certain extent on physical appearance. As Alice struggled to look the part in order to be accepted, it became clear that the standards of beauty had a significant burden on her notion. In society, African Americans continue to struggle with the concept of good hair. I believe that the lack of proper cultural images and the negative social scripts caused by mainstream media play a significant role in the perception of beauty. Another reason why Alice Andrews’ struggle to maintain an image caused her life progression to be hindered is because she became a prisoner in a world of pretense. Since her entire foundation was built on the claim that

What Is The Difference Between Morality And Ethics

What Is the Difference Between Morality and Ethics? By Gordon E Newman | Submitted On April 12, 2011 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Gordon E Newman What is the question? Both ethics and morality assist is in answering the question: What should I do? We are faced with this question all the time. Too often we make important decisions without giving enough time or process to reaching the best answer. Why not? Often we simply don t know how to make such decisions. Sometimes we ignore them and hope they will go away, sometimes we follow the advice of others, sometimes we just guess. If we wish to be responsible for our own future and our own decisions we should spend a little time thinking and trying to make a good decision, a better decision than simply choosing the easiest answer. So, ethics and morality assist us in answering the question: What should I do? Do they provide the same answer? No. Which is the better approach and why? What is the difference between morality and ethics? Many of us confuse ethics and morality, many people use them interchangeably. But they are very, very different, related but different. The difference is crucial when makingShow MoreRelatedMorals and Ethics1023 Words   |  5 Pagesand Ethics in Society Kalob Lisk Rasmussen College Author Note This paper is being submitted on July 14, 2016, for Thomas Santangelo’s B406 Business Law and Ethical Behavior course. 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Political Action Committees ( Pacs ) - 1979 Words

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What Were The Social Cause Of The Protestant Reformation

What were the social causes of the Protestant Reformation? The bible was being made more accessible than ever. One of the things that led to more people interpreting the bible is that it was translated into everyday language. Another was the fact that the printing press was enabled that allowed multiple copies of the bible to be made. Previous to this, scribes would have to write every bible by hand and this could take years, just for one of them. Another factor was the fact that there was increased education in Christianity and the bible led by the Roman Catholic Church. All these social causes were significant because it allowed a vast majority of people to read it, interpret it, and make there own opinions on Christianity. This allowed people to make there own opinions, based on the bible, about the Protestant Reformation. What were the religious causes for the reformation? One of the religious reasons for the reformation was scamming, led by the Roman Catholic Church. 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Having far-reaching political, economic, and social effect, the Reformation became the basis for the founding of Protestantism, one of the three major branches of Christianity. Without the changes caused by the Renaissance during the fifteenth century, the Reformation would not have been possible (Haigh). Reformers like Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VIII challenged the Catholic churchRead MoreThe Reformation Of Henry VIII And The Protestant Reformation1177 Words   |  5 PagesThe Protestant Reformation was a 16th Century movement aimed at reorganising beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church which had fallen to unpopularity in recent years. There are many argued causes of the reforms and it is controversial to suggest that any one had significance over the others. To fully expl ore the causes of the reformations in England it is necessary to consider the position of Henry VIII, legitimate dissatisfaction many English people held with the Roman Catholic churchRead MoreThe Reasons For War Today1435 Words   |  6 PagesWe tend to assume religion is not the main cause of war - according to the Encyclopedia of Wars (Phillips and Axelrod), of the 1,763 major conflicts in recorded history, only 123 of them can be classified as having been fought over religious differences. That’s less than 7 percent. From the year 1500 c.e. -1700 c.e., Europe was at war 90% of the time. In the 1600s there were only about 4 years of peace overall. The general idea is that these wars were typically about control and wealth as city-statesRead MorePrimary Reasons For War Today1434 Words   |  6 PagesWe tend to assume religion is not the main cause of war - according to the Encyclopedia of Wars (Phillips and Axelrod), of the 1,763 major conflicts in recorded history, only 123 of them can be classified as having been fought over religious differences. That’s less than 7 percent. From the year 1500 c.e. -1700 c.e., Europe was at war 90% of the time. In the 1600s there were only about 4 years of peace overall. The general idea is that these wars were typically about control and wealth as city-states

Explore the Evaluating internationalization theory of Johanson and Vahlne Free Essays

string(70) " involves may dimensions it is accepted by many companies these days\." Introduction The term Internationalization is significant for the firms, but the knowledge of the companies which are new in this global market is quite limited. Now days we all listen and read a lot of things about Internationalization and globalization, but what these terms exactly mean‘‘Internationalization is basically planning and implementing the products or services in other countries according to local habits and choice, and it is quickly changing economic landscape, with growing supply of science and technology. (Kim, Daekwan, journal of international marketing, 2010)This essay is to determine acceleration of internationalization and how it affects organization, Economy, and customers, also identify and analyse factors that attracts company towards internationalization, based on incremental and knowledge based internationalization process (by Johanson and vahlne 1977) In economical terms expansion of business in international market is called as Internationalization, but there is no particular definition for it, it is very important for a company to understand the pattern of Internationalization, where the Internationalization comes after ‘‘stage approach in which company starts selling their products in home countries’’ and once settled in the market expands in different countries. We will write a custom essay sample on Explore the Evaluating internationalization theory of Johanson and Vahlne or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Elgar, Edward (2003). Learning in the Internationalisation Process of Firm) According to Uppsala Internationalization Model, by Johanson and vahlne,â€Å"Enterprise gradually increases its international involvement†, which means the company that plans to expand internationally first enters in neighboring countries, where the political systems, culture and language is not very different, known as ‘‘psychic distance’’. Once company gains knowledge and experience to work in different country then it can gradually approach new market, according to this view, we get two different types knowledge one objective and other experience based, company initially starts with occasional export and then once settled in the market gradually enters in regular exports, Johanson and vahlne, consider the experience based knowledge to be more relevant, they says that ‘‘to built and understand commitments it is important to discover and make opportunities by involving other companies in their business’’. A firm process li ke ‘‘rings in the water’’ it is not only that firm settles business in home country but it expands in other countries steps by step. This stage model it identify four stages which are taken by a company for internationalization, 1. A company do not prefer regular export; 2.this export is done through an agent, 3.believes in offshore productions, 4. The offshore sales are not very important. Since many years companies are committing themselves to internationalization, even though it give easy availability of labour and growth in market and other opportunities, it is not a very easy process. When any country expands in other than their home country they need to understand the national as well as commercial culture, company must understand the reason of the cultural barriers (if any).this stage model theory can help company to gain vital information and resources. Joint venture also comes under Internationalization in some cases, as many big companies when enters new country it is been observed that they prefers to start in joint venture, for example. Walmart being world’s largest retail industry opened their first international store in Mexico in joint venture with Cifra, and they implemented this strategy in UK starting in joint venture with ASDA both these companies were the best retailers in their respective countries, and for almost every new country they started, this was the main strategy. Another example is, Finnish SME’S (small and medium enterprises). Study shows that some companies in Finland apply Uppsala internationalization model by first starting business in Sweden and then expanding in other countries, which helped them to expand smooth and steadily . So before internationalization a company needs to understand company’s world wide which can help them for further expansion. Keeping all these factors in mind I feel that the stage model theory by Johanson and Vahlne, can help a company to understand every aspect of internationalization, and before taking any step further, company will get time to think over their decisions which will prevent firm from facing any huge loss. Even though Uppsala internationalization theory by Johanson and Vahlne (stage model) do not cause any loss for any firm, it is being applied in some companies and also been avoided by some. It is said that this stage approach seems to be very parsimonious, and it has also been challenged and criticized about the data being limited to Scandinavian market. It was also questioned about theoretical validity about stage model and it claims that the theory has unnecessary repetition of the same statement and focus only on market knowledge, (Andersen 1993). There are also some studies which contradicts stage model, as many companies which do not follow stage model for internationalization, and their profit is much quicker than explained and expected by stage model. According to study of ‘‘OECD 1997 (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development)’’ the stage model was unable to explain different pattern use for internationalization or the early international expansion of the companies which is also known as ‘‘born global’’ (That is when company expands internationally from the beginning and do not follow any steps), ( FRONTIERS OF E-BUSINESS RESEARCH 2004). These particularly argue and appose incremental internationalization. The study of 87 US states shows that a company prefer to take risk than applying stage model, these ‘born global’ firms are most of the time technology based, and rises questions on stage model. It has not been proved that a company must have market knowledge to be successful internationally; concept of psychic distance was also accused as it is observer that many companies go for the risk where they can increase number of foreign market and gain profit. As we know, With time views and demands changes, and same applies with stage model theory, even though it is not harmful for any organization to expand or to take any decisions in steps, but now a days this theory is not considered to be a best way of expansion, though internationalization is considered to be complex and involves may dimensions it is accepted by many companies these days. You read "Explore the Evaluating internationalization theory of Johanson and Vahlne" in category "Essay examples" There are many reasons for company to go international, the basic reason is growth or expansion, but companies also expand internationally for alternative source of employees, resources, ideas etc. Born global companies are â€Å"a business organization that, from inception, seeks to derive signi?cant competitive advantage from the use of resources and the sale of outputs in multiple countries† (Oviatt McDou- gall, 1994, p. 49). This born global concept was carried out in 1997, data was collected for some medium size Danish firms and the study proved that these born global firms had maximum foreign sale which was around 70%. Today Company seeks internationalization or rather to be born global more than before, ‘‘it is due to the fast growing economic integration and independency of countries worldwide’’. There are many companies that began their business with the traditional approach but now they follow born global strategies in business. For example Nokia which is a communication corporation (mobile manufacturer) is Finland based company but serves worldwide, with annual revenue more than $42 billion from their international market, and $2 billion, do not apply stage model theory and is one of the loved brand in India. Emirates airlines which is one of the latest airlines in middle east, this airline operates one of the worlds non-stop commercial flights, a very good example of a company which totally implements born global strategy. Emirate airline has a very attractive business model, which is a key factor for company’s international growth. with great emphasis on quality company has also moved into resorts and tourism space, as 2004 it was one of the highest profits earning company. (Gang, yu. 1997 operation research in the airline industry) Australian export manufacturer small and medium size firms are on the top list of the born global companies, they have proved that it is not impossible to succeed internationally without an established domestic base. These companies didn’t achieve their success in steps but they are born global. Their growth rate is growing 25percent throughout five years. There are many examples in favour of born global concept, but some companies still believe in stage model due to some financial losses faced by them in internationalization, for example Starbucks as they closed 200 shops in US due to loss. Even though we have entered a stage where there is very less cross border trade barriers and due to transportation and telecommunication it is not very convenient to go global. With all of this information discussed above, we understand that internationalization is a long and demanding process, which needs management and resources to be successful in market. A company needs to be totally committed towards their resources as the degree of commitment is higher the more resources are expected and if not then there will be a risk of shut down, there has to be a different business model to understand international market. In born global concept there may occur some cross culture issues, language barriers especially for small firms. Being born global a firm needs to consider, huge financial back up, which is not practically possible for a small firm, and franchising may result in less control and there is always risk about maintaining quality. (Branding capability of technology born globa l, 27th June 2010) There are advantages and some disadvantages in the theories, Johanson and Vahlne (stage model) and born global concept. according to stage model theory a company should expand step by step, which will help company to understand the market conditions, cultural differences, and then expand in countries which are physically not very far,(geographically near). Which sounds fare enough, because any company whether it is small, medium or huge in size do not want to face any loss. On other hand with rapid growth in internationalization every company is trying to be global. Some of them are born global firms, where firm starts business internationally from beginning or within two years, without any practical knowledge about the market. This may or may not lead to success. Conclusion: From the above discussion about internationalization which is been discussed in two parts, Johanson and Vahlne (stage model) and born global concept with reference to many journals ,I understand that accelerating economy, technology, information, manufacturing process ,and global competition are forcing companies for internationalization and is considered to be one of the most important factor to grow in industry. Considering both stage model and born global model can built a good foundation for a company. Application of stage model will give knowledge about the market, time to understand the culture, company can learn from their competitor’s mistakes, foreign business drawbacks and opportunities can be gained by other firms experience, it is very important especially for a small firm because it is been observer that when a small firm enters global market it faces more loss than any profit. As being a global company it involves huge amount of investment. Since it takes time to gain knowledge about international business environment it will be a slow n steady process but on other hand where new market conditions demands fast growth and quick internationalization, if a company want to star as born global, it needs to study all these points which affects growth of business. If a company starts analysing market conditions before entering global market it can prevent them from facing cultural, technological and overall issues which can affect sale. So combining both the theories together in a convenient way for every individual company, keeping market knowledge, history, demands, environment, culture, language in mind a company can built a strong foundation even in international market. I strongly believe that if conditions of knowledge and experience specified in Uppsala model is considered before being born global company can be at the top in international market. References: Ruey,J. And Kim,b. (2010), Drivers and Performance Outcomes of Relationship Learning for Suppliers in Cross-Border Customer–Supplier Relationships, journal of international marketing, Vol. 18 Issue 1, (pg.63-85) Kalev, K. (2010). Understanding accelerated internationalization, integrating theories for analysis for internationalization path. Economics Management,(pg 556-561) Caniana,D. Internationalization of the firm: stage approach vs. global approach Gianpaolo Baronchelli, PH.d. in Marketing for Business Strategy,University of Bergamo, Faculty of Economics, Department of Business Administration.Bergamo,ITALY Internationalization Strategies of Emerging Markets Firms, California Management Reviewz2010, Vol. 53 Issue 1, p114-135, 22p, Johanson Wiedersheim-Paul (1975), Johanson Vahlne (1977). Learning in the internationalization process of firms (2009) (pg. 261). Luostarinen (1979) Learning in the internationalization process of firms (p. 261) http://books.google.com/books?id=e_gkLdF1ocwCprintsec=frontcover#PPA260,M1 Retrieved 2009-03-21. Bhowmick, S. (2004) Towards Understanding Small Firm Internationalisation –Technology Based SME Focus, frontiers of e-business research. Westhead, P. Wright, M. Ucbasaran.D. And Martin, F. International Market Selection Strategies of Manufacturing and Services Firms, institute for Enterprise and Innovation, Nottingham University Business School, Rasmussen,E.S.(2001) Asia pacific journal of marketing and logistics The founding of the Born Global company in Denmark and Australia: sense making and networking Vol. 13 Issue: 3, (pg.75 107) Gang, yu. 1997 operation research in the airline industry. Rennie,M.W. (nov. 1993) born global, http://www.mckinseyquarterly.com Dr.Thomas,J. (JULY 24,2010) how Starbucks Downsizing in the USA Impacts Global Growth Strategy.BUSINESS 401-INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS Laine, A. A Process model of internationalization –new times demands new pattern Department of Management and Organization, Swedish School of Economics and Business Administration Altshuler.L, (27th June 2010). Branding capability of technology, born global journal of Brand Management (2010) volume 18, (pg212–227). Baronchelli,G. (2004) Toward a Typology of Commitment States Among Managers of Born-Global Firms, Strategic Approach to Internationalization, Journal of International Marketing Vol. 12, (pg. 57–81) Holtbrugge, D. and En?linger, B. Evolution of global management knowledge, Initiating Forces and Success Factors of Born Global Firms volume 5. Jan,J. And vahlne, J, E. The internationalization process of the firm. International Executive, Winter78, Vol. 20 Issue 1,(pg 19-21) McNaughton, R.B. (2003) Business relationship learning and commitments in the internationalization process, Journal of international entrepreneurship 1. (Pg 83-101) Zook, M. and Graham,m. (2006). â€Å"Wal-Mart Nation: Mapping the Reach of a Retail Colossus† In Brunn, Stanley D. Wal-Mart World: The World’s Biggest Corporation in the Global Economy Routledge. (pp. 15–25) Bilkey, W. J. and Nes, E. (1982), â€Å"Country-Of-Origin Effects On Product Evaluations†, Journal of International Business Studies, Spring/Summer, Vol. 13, No. 1, (pp. 89-99.) How to cite Explore the Evaluating internationalization theory of Johanson and Vahlne, Essay examples

Darwinism vs. Creationism free essay sample

There are many theories that are believed to answer this question. Two of the most controversial theories are Darwinism, and creationism. Throughout the years both creationist and evolutionist have worked to disprove the others theory. The battle between creationism and Darwinism can also be categorized as the battle between science and religion. Though both have been generally accepted around the world, the war continues between both theories due to their differences. Charles Darwin’s â€Å"The Origin of Species was published in 1859. The book was about Natural Selection, and ultimately the evolution of species. His theory presumes that life can begin a non-life organism and stresses descent with modification. This means, creatures or organisms can evolve from more simplistic creatures or organisms over time. Basically, irregular genetic transformations take place inside an organisms genetic code. The valuable transformations, or mutations are saved within the organism becau se the help with survival. This process is known as natural selection. We will write a custom essay sample on Darwinism vs. Creationism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The valuable mutations move on to the next generation of the species, organism or creature. Over time, the valuable transformation of the original specie builds up. This eventually results as a completely different species, or organism. Darwin is credited with this information largely in part because of a study done while he was in the Galapagos Islands. He learned that it was home to species that could not be found in any other parts of the world. Darwin noticed that some birds on the island were different than others based on what island they inhabited. He collected thirteen different species of finches to observe differences with their beak size. He realized that their differences were because of the need for the species to live in different environments. The sizes of their beaks had changed to allow them to get enough food in the parts of the islands they inhabited so that they may survive. This was verified with extensive research at the end of the twentieth century. From the time that Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species in 1859 on up to the present; the presumptions of many people led them to misread the title. They assumed that it was On the Origin of the Species. The implication of inadvertently adding the is that his book was about human evolution. In fact, that was not the case, though it had implications for human evolution. It focused on non-human animals and the mechanisms of evolution. He did not pointedly address the question of human evolution until the publication of his 1871 book Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. This set the tone for future evolutionist all around the world. Charles Darwin theory of natural selection, and evolution threatened many Christians and what they believed to be as Creationism. The theory of evolution gives human the idea that the universe is here by chance and takes away hope and purpose. Creationism is the concept that we were created as we are today by God, or a Supreme Being mainly due the account of Genesis. Many believe that account of creation listed in Genesis is to be taken literally. There are three types of creationism: old earth creationism, young Earth creationism and intelligent design creationism. In old earth creationism, people believe that Genesis’ six day account of creation stretches the time span out to consider scientific evidence. Young earth creationism believe the six days are actually twenty-four hour time periods, and that God suspended the laws of science and designed each species specifically. Intelligent design Creationist focus less on proving creationism and more on rejecting evolution and redefining science to make it more compatible with their version of Christianity. The first court case between evolution and creationism in America was the so-called Scopes Monkey Trial of 1925. The court case was about an enforcement of a Tennessee statute that prohibited teachers from using theories of evolution in public school. This trial included Clarence Darrow battling with three-time presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan. Unfortunately it did not resolve the question of whether the First Amendment permitted states to ban teaching of a theory that contradicted religious beliefs. This set the stage for oncoming trials and the battle of evolution and religion in American Courts everywhere. It wasn’t until 1968 did the Supreme Court rule in Epperson vs. Arkansas that such bans contravene the Establishment Clause because their primary purpose is religious. The Court used the same rationale in 1987 in Edwards vs Aguillard to strike down a Louisiana law that required biology teachers who taught the theory of evolution to also discuss evidence supporting the theory called creation science. The controversy continues in new forms today. In 1999, the Kansas Board of Education voted to remove evolution from the list of subjects tested on state standardized tests, in effect encouraging local school boards to consider dropping or de-emphasizing evolution. In 2000, Kansas voters responded to the proposed change by throwing out enough anti-evolution Board members to restore the old science standards, but by 2004 a new conservative school board majority was proposing that intelligent design be discussed in science classes. In 2006, the Kansas tug-of-war continued, with pro-evolution moderates again retaking control of the Board. Charles Darwin had no idea his theories or studies of finches in the Galapagos Islands would be the beginning of a battle that would go on until the end of the world. As science continues to evolve, so does Darwin’s legacy as scientist build off of his theory. Creationist also continues to fight against Darwinism as science evolves. However, based on a recent Gallop Poll in 2012, forty-six percent of Americans accept creationist explanation for human existence which is up two percent since 1982. Only thirty-two percent believe in evolution. It’s not likely that the war between creationism and Darwinism will end in the near future. The end of the debate would truly be the end of science, or the end of religion, and within those means, the end of mankind. References Creationism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). (n. d. ). In  Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved  January  11, 2013, from http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/creationism/ Darwinism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). (n. d. ). In  Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved  January  12, 2013, from http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/darwinism/ Parry, W. (2012, June 1). Gallup Poll: Americans Views On Evolution, Creationism Little Changed. Breaking News and Opinion on The Huffington Post. Retrieved from http://www. huffingtonpost. com/2012/06/01/gallup-poll-americans-creationism-evolution_n_1563800. html The Evolution, Creationism, and Intelligent Design Controversy. (n. d. ). UMKC School of Law. Retrieved  January  15, 2013, from http://law2. umkc. edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/evolution. htm